How a Helium Leak Disabled Every iPhone In a Medical Facility (vice.com) 290
dmoberhaus writes: In one of the strangest system admin tales of all time, one IT guy details how a new MRI machine managed to disable every single iPhone, Apple watch and iPad in a medical facility while leaving the rest of the devices untouched. Eric Woolridge, a system administrator at Morris Hospital in Illinois, said in a detailed post on the r/sysadmin subreddit that helium was to blame for the malfunctioning iPhones. "[T]he MRI installation involves supercooling the giant magnet in the machine by boiling off liquid helium," reports Motherboard. "This evaporated helium is usually pumped out of the facility through a vent, but this vent was leaking the helium into the rest of the facility. In all, about 120 liters of helium (or about 90,000 cubic meters in its gaseous state) was pumped out of the MRI room and an untold amount leaked into the rest of the hospital."
In a blog post, iFixit notes that helium atoms can wreak havoc on MEMS silicon chips. "MEMS are microelectromechanical systems that are used for gyroscopes and accelerometers in phones, and helium atoms are small enough to mess up the way these systems function," reports Motherboard. What's odd is that Android phones were not affected. Apparently, the reason "is because Apple recently defected from traditional quartz-based clocks in its phones in favor of clocks that are also made of MEMS silicon," reports Motherboard. "Given that clocks are the most critical device in any computer and are necessary to make the CPU function, their disruption with helium atoms is enough to crash the device."
In a blog post, iFixit notes that helium atoms can wreak havoc on MEMS silicon chips. "MEMS are microelectromechanical systems that are used for gyroscopes and accelerometers in phones, and helium atoms are small enough to mess up the way these systems function," reports Motherboard. What's odd is that Android phones were not affected. Apparently, the reason "is because Apple recently defected from traditional quartz-based clocks in its phones in favor of clocks that are also made of MEMS silicon," reports Motherboard. "Given that clocks are the most critical device in any computer and are necessary to make the CPU function, their disruption with helium atoms is enough to crash the device."
I hope they don't have any PET scanners... (Score:5, Informative)
They use PMT tubes, and helium will leak thru glass seals easily, which is what happened to these chips.
They all changed frequency, and aren't working right. :)
The PMT's will just arc internally, glowing a nice bright orange, if you could see them. :D
It will drop the power supply rails, and there's no fixing the tubes, they'll have to be replaced.
Stop blaming Apple (Score:2, Informative)
They could have upgraded their MRI to new ones that do not need to consume so much liquid helium in the first place.
http://mriquestions.com/liquid... [mriquestions.com]
In fact, new types of MRI machine no longer require liquid helium !!
You can expect the next generation of superconducting MR scanners to contain no cryogens at all. This is largely due to the development of efficient pulse tube and 2-stage Gifford-McMahon (G-M) cryocoolers that are able to maintain temperatures below the 9.4ÂK required for NbTi superconductivity without liquid helium
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Just because he wants to blame the hospital for wasting helium doesn't mean Apple becomes free of faults.
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Just because he wants to blame the hospital for wasting helium doesn't mean Apple becomes free of faults.
Right.
Because it is perfectly normal to walk around in a Helium-enriched atmosphere, given it's SOOO commonplace....
Oh, wait...
Re:Stop blaming Apple (Score:5, Interesting)
Because it is perfectly normal to walk around in a Helium-enriched atmosphere, given it's SOOO commonplace....
It's used in critical facilities for fireproofing. i.e. inert gas firefighting systems. The other options are argon and nitrogen. It's far more common then you'd think, especially since "inert gas" fire fighting systems have become the green choice instead of stuff like halon and it's derivatives. And also unlike halon, which can be mixed with a secondary to drive it through the system like with how a car airbag works, neutral gas system remain fully or partially pressurized. Especially those in closed rooms, those "check oxygen levels before entry" signs aren't for show.
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Because it is perfectly normal to walk around in a Helium-enriched atmosphere, given it's SOOO commonplace....
It's used in critical facilities for fireproofing. i.e. inert gas firefighting systems. The other options are argon and nitrogen. It's far more common then you'd think, especially since "inert gas" fire fighting systems have become the green choice instead of stuff like halon and it's derivatives. And also unlike halon, which can be mixed with a secondary to drive it through the system like with how a car airbag works, neutral gas system remain fully or partially pressurized. Especially those in closed rooms, those "check oxygen levels before entry" signs aren't for show.
So why would you use anything other than Nitrogen?
Re:Stop blaming Apple (Score:5, Informative)
So why would you use anything other than Nitrogen?
It is often a blend. Liquid N2 is cheaper if it isn't pure, containing argon as well, which is about 1% of the atmosphere. Then you can add some helium to the mix if the fire danger is expected to be high, along the ceiling. The helium will make the gas blend rise.
If you are more concerned about liquid fires that burn near the ground, you can use a gas mixture of partially or mostly CO2, which is heavier than air and will create a smothering layer on the floor. CO2 is easier to store under pressure since it will liquify at about 5 atm.
Of course you also want to add mercaptan or some other odorant to make it stink, so a leak is immediately noticed. You don't want to smother people instead of fires.
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So why would you use anything other than Nitrogen?
Cost, embargo, bean counter pinching pennies. Some components react to high concentrations of inert gases. Remember that inert systems aren't only used in an IT setting, but heavy industry, manufacturing, mining and so on too. Secondary byproducts from the fires can have unintended side effects with an inert gas making it no longer inert. One of the reasons halon was so popular is because it chemically disrupted the ability for a fire to burn. That's why there's a big boom in cabinet only fire suppressi
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This is the company [rotarexfiretec.com], that the company I work for uses.
Want some tasty data on the differences between non-conducting fluids, CO2, inert gas? 3M is there for you too. [3m.com]
Re:Stop blaming Apple (Score:4)
I'm one of Apple biggest critics and I really can't see any reason to blame apple for this issue at all. I actually find the science behind the issue to be kind of cool.
Seriously? (Score:5, Interesting)
Apple may have saved a whole 2 cents per $1000 phone by doing that.
Re:Seriously? (Score:5, Insightful)
It's more than just $$$, it's space. Instead of a discrete quartz crystal somewhere, they can etch a little resonator right on an existing chip.
Re:Seriously? (Score:5, Insightful)
"Space?" They charge a premium for the larger models. Go figure.
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Right, right, why would anybody care if it can keep accurate time, or if it is reliable? It is just a toy, not a serious device.
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They have improved recently. For instance, here's the MicroChip marketing [microchip.com] for them. Power draw can be lower than quartz. Accuracy can be good enough, and actually more stable with varying temperature.
But not in the presence of helium :)
Re:Seriously? (Score:4, Interesting)
MEMS resonators are useful for a few reasons. They are now more stable over temperature than crystals, especially when combined with temperature control (TCXO). There is less phase noise too, very handy for RF purposes.
Lots of Android phones do use MEMS oscillators though, e.g. in the cellular modem which is the same one used by Apple (made by Qualcomm or Intel). So either the MEMS oscillator is not the cause of the failure or the claim is not entirely correct.
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Your link is 404... Initially MEMS was worse, that's true. But the latest generation devices are exceptional. A MEMS TCXO can get down to 0.1 PPM over temperature, e.g. SiT5356. For a crystal that would usually need an OCXO, which of course has insane power and space requirements.
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And, they're not using $50 oscillators in cell phones.
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Sure, my point was that MEMS can exceed crystals for some applications. As ever it's a trade off between price, physical size and manufacturing issues. I wasn't suggesting they use or need 0.1 PPM for a cellular modem.
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Oh come on. I'm sure the topic of "will this shit work if there is a He leak nearby" never came up in the design meetings. I can't fault apple for this issue.
Re:Seriously? (Score:4, Funny)
MEMS oscillators are significantly more reliable than quartz oscillators.
Until someone spills the helium, that is...
Re:Seriously? (Score:5, Funny)
And then your voice sounds funny when doing a Facetime call.
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In hospitals, it isn't that uncommon. Heliox is used for patients with severe obstructive pulmonary conditions.
It also happens in exotic environments like gift shops and grocery stores.
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I have never seen, or even heard about, a quartz crystal failing. And given that it's a solid state thing, I can't picture how they could fail in the first place.
So how is MEMS more reliable, especially in the light of this story about them failing en masse?
Third, I wonder if MEMS comes close to the accuracy of a quartz crystal (frequently measured in single digit ppm or even less!)
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Crystal oscillators running at low kHz have ~1ppm, but MHz crystals are closer to 50ppm. Crystals that a CPU would use deviate from their designed frequency quite a bit based on temperature. CPUs are generally designed so that variations in frequency expected from normal quartz crystals under normal temperatures don't effect them by giving extra headroom to everything.
You can add protection against this deviation by cutting the crystal into crazy shapes(e.g. a tuning fork pattern), but it makes the crystal
Why? (Score:2)
They quit using quartz based clocks?
Why?
Oh, I know there will be some clever reason why the change is superior. This story just points out where 'clever' sometimes leads.
So we can discreetly pop a canister of helium on the bus to kill all the iGadgets?
They're cheaper. (Score:2)
That's all.
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They quit using quartz based clocks? Why?
(in my best Cowardly Lion voice) Courage!
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Yes, but his cousin's best friend's older sister's boyfriend knows a guy that actually rode a bus (on a dare) back in the '90s, so he's well informed.
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yeah, they're better at handling shock and vibration, so when you drop your phone the cpu keeps running after the screen shatters.
that will let them black list the serial number of the screen, so you can't have a 3rd party repair shop replace the front glass layer.
Cool... (Score:5, Funny)
Obviously the helium concentration wasn't very high -- people could breathe and talk without sounding like Alvin the Chipmunk. I wonder if this can be exploited to mess with iPhone-owning hipsters at a party -- a balloon inflator sized helium tank and the appropriate valve orifice should do it...
OMG! My phone just died! *head explodes*
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After reading this article, my first thoughts were to wonder whether Party City employees have to avoid iPhones to have a usable cell phone at work, and whether customers walking through stores like that ever have their iPhone die on them. The last time I was in a Party City, they had an employee filling balloons almost non-stop, and every now and then one would explode while being filled.
They were lucky people didn't asphixiate (Score:3, Interesting)
If the helium concentration was high enough to affect phones this way, they're lucky it didn't displace too much oxygen and freaking kill people.
They really should have sensors to detect these conditions in places where large amounts of gas is used.
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Re:They were lucky people didn't asphixiate (Score:5, Funny)
They really should have sensors to detect these conditions in places where large amounts of gas is used.
They did. iPhones.
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If the helium concentration was high enough to affect phones this way, they're lucky it didn't displace too much oxygen and freaking kill people.
They really should have sensors to detect these conditions in places where large amounts of gas is used.
They do. They have sensors, and alarms, and they are taken seriously. I'm not bashing, but I have training and work around MRI equipment about once a month. Standard is for the room to be negative pressure vented. Likely, the vent had a leak in a different area with no sensors. It pobably crossed through a wall and leaked above the T-bar ceiling in a hallway or some other room. It's an unfortunate corner case, and one that should be taken into account; but not a horror story.
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That's what I was thinking too, Helium is naturally occuring in the air in various concentrations for various reasons. To penetrate a sufficient percentage (even if we want ~1% of the air to be Helium) across an ENTIRE hospital into people's pockets, into the devices itself into sealed chips, you have to practically circulate the helium throughout the entire building and swap out all the air for the entire building with 1% Helium air.
And on the other hand, Helium is non-reactive, the same size as Hydrogen a
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they're lucky it didn't displace too much oxygen and freaking kill people.
Helium doesn't really displace air -- helium is lighter than air. And the concentration must have been very low, otherwise people would have noticed.
This is clearly an engineering defect in Apple's product that a slightly elevated helium level will cause malfunctioning.
Re:They were lucky people didn't asphixiate (Score:5, Informative)
Yeah, there's a ton of holes in the story. In the linked article, he admits his test used a far higher concentration of He than would have been possible in the hospital. Plus, if you actually follow up on the kinks... you find the story doesn't tell the whole truth, there were other devices that experienced glitches. And someone else points out that all the Apple devices in question use inductive charging.
So, there's a whole lot of assumptions going on.
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Evidently the concentration need not be that high.
This PDF [scirp.org] testing the effects of helium on various MEMS suggests (doing a bit of math) that a few hundred ppm helium in the air could be enough. Normal atmosphere has 5 ppm. Meanwhile, replacing 10% of the air (100,000 ppm) wouldn't have much effect on humans as long as they don't attempt aerobic exercise (based on the safety of oxygen depleted data centers).
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It takes only *tiny* amounts of helium to have a measurable effect, far, far below the levels that you would need to cause any consequential change in oxygenation. A few PPM can do it, depending on the device.
iPhone new Feature! (Score:5, Funny)
Re:iPhone new Feature! (Score:5, Funny)
Aren't the MEMs devices were sealed? (Score:2)
Gyro & Accelerometer don't need exposure to the atmosphere... air pressure sensor perhaps?
Lots of light headed Mickey Mouse voices in radiology that day too no?
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Helium goes right through things (Score:5, Informative)
Helium goes right through solid objects.
Plastics have molecules, and holes between molecules, about 25,000 times larger than a helium atom. Helium gas is normally single atoms, not molecules.
That's the challenge with helium hard drives. If you try to use a typical rubber seal, the holes between rubber molecules are much larger than helium atoms, allowing the helium to go right through almost as if the rubber wasn't there.
You may have noticed a helium balloon stops floating overnight. That's because the helium goes out right through the rubber. Interestingly, air leaks INTO the balloon due to something called partial pressure.
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If that were the case, oxygen would also affect the devices given those atoms are slightly bigger, highly reactive and much more present in the air.
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Re:Helium goes right through things (Score:5, Informative)
If that were the case, oxygen would also affect the devices given those atoms are slightly bigger,
Oxygen in the air is O2, i.e., two atoms stuck together in a molecule. Helium is just a single tiny atom. He has a radius of 31pm. O has a radius of 48nm but the bond length in O2 is 121pm. It's much harder for O2 to leak through gaps on other molecules than He.
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TYhe O2 molecules are significantly bigger, which is why they don't diffuse through the seals in the device like He does.
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Re:Helium goes right through things (Score:5, Informative)
I'm guessing you don't have young children. Helium balloons these days last a week, easy. I think the material is mylar?
It's not the base polymer (PET) that is impermeable to gas, it's the metal coating that is vapor deposited over it. That has much smaller holes and acts to contain the helium.
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Helium goes right through solid objects. Plastics have molecules, and holes between molecules, about 25,000 times larger than a helium atom. Helium gas is normally single atoms, not molecules.
Helium gas is always single atoms, except for extraordinarily unusual circumstances [wikipedia.org] which assuredly were not in play here.
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Actually, air doesn't diffuse into the balloon. It's just that helium for filling balloons is actually heli-air so kids don't die when they inhale it ( not to mention it's cheaper).
Damn He All To Hell (Score:3)
He ruined my phone, how dare He?! What have I ever done to He?
Helium is mined and non-renewable (Score:2, Informative)
Reminder that helium is mined from the earth, can not be recovered once it's in the atmosphere, and until we start fusing hydrogen atoms, is non-renewable.
If it has important industrial applications, why are we still filling balloons at children's parties with it?
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Perhaps we should fill them with hydrogen :D
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Balloons are now filled with 'balloon gas' which is only part helium. Last time this came up on Slashdot, someone pointed out that Helium is basically given away free by the US Govt. because it's a byproduct of mining other stuff and they have little need for it.
Hey Siri... (Score:5, Funny)
Siri (in elevated voice): What can I help you with?
90K cubic meters of helium (Score:2)
For that whole week, everyone in that hospital sounded hilarious.
Can't blame Apple (Score:4, Informative)
The user manual says gases like helium can damage the phone.
exposing iPhone to environments having high concentrations of industrial chemicals, including near evaporating liquified gasses such as helium, may damage or impair iPhone functionality
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Source:
https://help.apple.com/iphone/... [apple.com] ...
Explosive and other atmospheric conditions Charging or using iPhone in any area with a potentially explosive atmosphere, such as areas where the air contains high levels of flammable chemicals, vapors, or particles (such as grain, dust, or metal powders), may be hazardous. Exposing iPhone to environments having high concentrations of industrial chemicals, including near evaporating liquified gasses such as helium, may damage or impair iPhone functionality. Obey al
Re:Can't blame Apple (Score:4, Interesting)
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Wow. TIL the iPhone has a user manual.
Phones should be near MRI (Score:2)
Mobile phones should not be taken into a facility with a MRI machine anyway. ... which is why every such facility has "No cell phones" signs in every room and corridor.
The radio waves emitted from the phone could interfere with the MRI machine's sensitive sensors
The phones will not emit only when in "use", but will regularly try to connect to the nearest cell tower even when "off". Therefore, it is best not to bring it there at all.
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Mobile phones should not be taken into a facility with a MRI machine anyway.
The phones were nowhere near the MRI. The Helium leaked out of the MRI facility and into the surrounding areas, according to the article.
WTF? (Score:2)
This evaporated helium is usually pumped out of the facility through a vent, but this vent was leaking the helium into the rest of the facility.
(a) Why isn't the helium captured rather than simply vented/released? It doesn't grow on trees.
(b) People can die if the helium concentration gets too high. Having it leak into a fucking hospital seems rather care/reckless.
I'm afraid I'm going to have to call BS on this. (Score:5, Interesting)
Re: I'm afraid I'm going to have to call BS on thi (Score:2, Interesting)
I think it's more likely that an electromagnetic pulse fried the Apple products. The MRI 5-gauss line is only applicable in steady state operations. When the 500-1000a current in the super conducting coils ramps up or down, it's got a hell of a kick. Leave the electronics in the car when they come to re-charge the coils.
Helium is the new laughing gas ... (Score:5, Insightful)
You're breathing it wrong (Score:2)
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if you had an iphone and there was a helium leak, you couldn't call for help.
Re:Wasted helium (Score:4, Insightful)
Because they're idiots who don't realize what they're dealing with, that's why.
The only way to prevent such waste is to increase the price of helium to such a point that everyone dealing with helium, when possible, will try to re-capture it once it's been used.
Re:Wasted helium (Score:5, Informative)
Liquid helium costs about $5 per liter. So 120 liters is worth about $600. No recovery effort could possibly be cost effective for such a small leak.
Also 120 liters of liquid Helium is NOT 90,000 cubic meters of gas. It is about 90 cubic meters.
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Also 120 liters of liquid Helium is NOT 90,000 cubic meters of gas. It is about 90 cubic meters.
Obvious litre / cubic-metre error to anybody who could half-remember their high-school-level chemistry.
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Also 120 liters of liquid Helium is NOT 90,000 cubic meters of gas. It is about 90 cubic meters.
Sure, for the first second after the leak. That's the thing about leaks.
But actually, yes, good spot.
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It is cheap now but what happens when it becomes scarce? How many other things are causing issues now because the cost of recovery isn't worth the cost to just waste it?
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Nope. You forgot to convert from liters to m^3. 120L liquid * (754 L gas/L liquid) = 90,480 liters of gas. And 1m3 = 1000L, so that's only 90.5m^3
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What grade helium are you talking about. The stuff you use for balloons is a much lower grade and much cheaper than what is used in a MRI scanner. He for a scanner was $5 back in 2010. That's not what it costs currently.
Just did a google search and I found this blog site "MRI Helium Refills and Boil-off Rates: The Top Six Magnets [blockimaging.com]" talking about He. The blog was written in Feb 2017 though.
Helium is a commodity and the market price per liter fluctuates periodically. In the last year, we have heard from people getting it for as low as $9.00 per liter or as high as $20.00 per liter.
Re: Wasted helium (Score:3)
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Pretty sure you need a helium net... Who wants to catch butterflys?
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OK, cdsparrow is going to print out new labels for the nets before we leave. Thanks cdsparrow!
Re:Wasted helium (Score:5, Informative)
I'm sure at $120k/fill they would love to do this. The problem is how. This is many liters of highly compressed helium that has to escape somewhere in very short time in order to demagnetize the room in case of emergency.
In most cases (as in this), the valve/pipe to the outside simply freezes and the helium dumps through the room via other ways.
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It doesn't seem that hard to recapture the helium. Just put the fill nozzle to a blimp at the vent. Once the blimp is filled up, fly it to the helium recovery plant where they will liquify it again and reuse it.
dom
Re:Wasted helium (Score:4, Informative)
I'm sure at $120k/fill ...
Who said it costs $120k/fill? TFA does not say that. It says 120 liters, which costs about $1k.
Re:Wasted helium (Score:5, Interesting)
Yes, the raw helium may only cost $1k but the cost of ramping a magnet up/down is a lot more. In case of Siemens MRI, they have to fly in special equipment from Germany overnight (a few pallets of basically giant transformers and BeCu tools, shims etc), the repairs associated with a magnet quench are a few thousand (usually you have to outright replace the valves and various other parts that froze) and then it takes a few hours of carefully charging the magnet and monitoring while the helium is slowly being filled. Hopefully you only have to do this once as it is possible that other issues or leaks are found and the helium you just filled boils off. All the while you are paying for at least 3 engineers and the helium delivery guy.
I've been involved with MRI magnet quenches, they're not pretty or cheap. The helium is practically worthless, I've heard of some sites that rather let helium boil off at a certain rate than get a repair done.
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Yes, the raw helium may only cost $1k but the cost of ramping a magnet up/down is a lot more. In case of Siemens MRI, they have to fly in special equipment from Germany overnight (a few pallets of basically giant transformers and BeCu tools, shims etc), the repairs associated with a magnet quench are a few thousand (usually you have to outright replace the valves and various other parts that froze) and then it takes a few hours of carefully charging the magnet and monitoring while the helium is slowly being filled. Hopefully you only have to do this once as it is possible that other issues or leaks are found and the helium you just filled boils off. All the while you are paying for at least 3 engineers and the helium delivery guy.
I've been involved with MRI magnet quenches, they're not pretty or cheap. The helium is practically worthless, I've heard of some sites that rather let helium boil off at a certain rate than get a repair done.
Sounds like the market is ripe for 3rd party repair vendors. Pity this is healthcare we're talking about, so that probably won't happen.
Fixing utility-scale electrical generators in the 1970s and early 1980s used to be an OEM-only affair. Then subvendors started popping up that could handle X subrepair, supply such and such subset of parts, etc. Nowadays there are plenty of companies that can handle all the repairs start-to-finish, a vast network of subcontractors, and the OEMs have been run off a lot
Re:Wasted helium (Score:4, Informative)
CSB: I paid in full for 3 days of EEG monitoring/reading results etc ($2,600). The company switched the bill from an in network shell, to an out of network shell then changed the charges to $30k/Day and added the day to add and remove the monitoring to make it 5 days for a $150k total. They had language in the original consent for saying 'may be billed under a different name'.
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They do. Scanners normally come with zero boil off systems standard now.
The story in the summary sounds pretty fishy. The story on Reddit is sort of similar but with a lot of "it might have been this but I don't know."
Helium manufacturers take the vents very seriously because if the magnet quenches *all* the helium is going to very quickly boil. 120 L (comes in a can about the size of a BBQ propane canister) boiled off through a leak and dispersed doesn't sound likely to damage anything. The concentration
Re:Wasted helium (Score:5, Interesting)
No. Although you're right on with your view of Corporate America, the impending Helium Shortfall is Worldwide. You fail like most to understand just where Terrestrial Helium comes from. It's the result of billions of years of very slow Alpha Decay from Actinides way deep down. Practically all of it migrates upwards and escapes, first into the atmosphere, and then into space. But in certain kinds of crustal conditions, like in Natural Gas pockets, some of the Helium hangs around. However, most Natural Gas contains little to no measurable Helium at all. (Helium unlike Hydrogen forms no natural Molecular compounds to bind it, at least down here. Yes, we can make Helium Hydride... for a short time and with incredible difficulty. This I have actually done.)
Alpha Decay can't reasonably be speeded up, unlike say Fission, so we are utterly dependent on natural processes here. But wait, there's more!
4He is the result of Alpha Decay from the Actinides. But 3He is the result of the Beta decay from Tritium. Tritium is Primordial here; all of the Tritium within the Earth decayed quite quickly, billions of years ago, leaving 3He in some of those same Gas pockets. At least on Earth, the only sources of new Tritium, and its decay product 3He, comes from our Nuclear Reactors.
I was once involved in the design of a new kind of Neutrino Detector that needed 3He, quite a lot of it. Even at the cut rate prices that the Russians were offering, and that they couldn't deliver in the volume needed, the Detector would have needed some ~$200 Billion in 3He. The design was cancelled.
And for this very reason, absolutely crazy schemes have been put forth to mine 3He from the surface of the Moon, where it is continually produced due to the Solar Wind that our own Magnetic Field protects us from.
But why 3He? What makes it so important?
Aneutronic Fusion.
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From the sounds of it, the amount needed even makes it a viable technique just for culling the herd at crowded nightclubs, or when you get to the restaurant and there is an hour + wait!
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If you never say "Apple," they'll probably never even tell you which OS their phone runs.
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NPC's are weak to helium based attacks.
lol
Re: Who needs the quickie mart (Score:2)